Lyme disease, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common vector-borne illness in North America and Europe. Transmitted by the bite of infected ticks, Lyme disease can lead to a wide range of clinical manifestations, including erythema migrans (a characteristic skin rash), arthritis, carditis, and neurological symptoms such as meningitis and facial palsy. Early diagnosis is critical to prevent the progression to more severe, disseminated forms of the disease, which can result in long-term health complications, increased healthcare costs, and significant morbidity. Diagnosis and prompt antibiotic treatment initiated in the early stages of Lyme disease typically leads to a full recovery, whereas delayed diagnosis and treatment are associated with chronic symptoms and more complex management.