Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), also known as human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that infects around 90% of the human population. While primary EBV infection is often asymptomatic or presents as infectious mononucleosis, the reactivated virus is also associated with several malignancies, including Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Recent studies also suggest that EBV infection may also cause multiple sclerosis. Accurate diagnosis of EBV is important for identifying and managing both acute infections and EBV-associated malignancies, particularly for immunocompromised individuals who are likely to develop symptoms if EBV reactivates. Early detection of EBV-related diseases can guide therapeutic decisions and improve clinical outcomes for cohorts who are at higher risk for severe disease.

EBV-specific cellular immunity plays a critical role in controlling viral replication and preventing disease progression. ELISpot assays are valuable for measuring EBV-specific T-cell responses by detecting cytokine production in response to viral peptides derived from EBV antigens. Research indicates that individuals with strong EBV-specific T-cell responses are less likely to develop severe complications, emphasizing the importance of immune monitoring in EBV infections.